Estimation of chloramine decay in drinking water distribution systems
نویسندگان
چکیده
When compared to free chlorine, chloramines represent an established secondary disinfectant that may be utilized reduce disinfection by-product formation and improve residual stability. Maintaining acceptable in distribution systems however challenging due potential high maintenance costs associated with uni-directional flushing swabbing. This study was designed identify the primary sources of chloramine demand for a system receiving surface groundwater. Decay bulk water quantified using bottle point method. Bench-scale pipe section reactors (PSRs) were evaluate decay cast?iron polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sections had been harvested from system, as well allow comparisons new material. Bulk observed PSRs at flow rates 0.03 m/s 0.09 m/s, representative conditions. Pipe material type conditions identified most critical factors influencing decay. Observed first-order microbial community metal/silicate scale significantly higher than those PVC. In contrast, PVC comparable pipe, velocity exerting negligible impact. Overall, these results reinforce importance determining systems.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of water process engineering
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['2214-7144']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102558